I have since grown interested in bringing video games into the classroom, along with the problems and challenges they can bring with them. \u00a0There are the logistical challenges: video games and gaming consoles are costly, nor can an instructor assume that the class is already familiar with gaming culture. \u00a0Castlevania <\/i>in particular caters to an entrenched and specialized fandom: it\u2019s a gothic game, but not necessarily a horror game like Silent Hill<\/i>; it\u2019s an action-adventure, but not necessarily a puzzle-solving fantasy like Zelda<\/i>. \u00a0Even the newer games feature frequent winks and nods, hints intended for an audience steeped in the franchise\u2019s lore.<\/p>\n
There are also the ideological challenges video games pose, challenges that can lead to provocative discussion. \u00a0Many games presume a heterosexual male audience, an imbalance that Anita Sarkeesian and many other video game critics have attempted to redress for years. \u00a0It is for this reason that I think Castlevania<\/i>, despite its specialized fandom, illustrates how deep the gender divide in the gaming industry runs.<\/p>\n
The gender polarization of gaming fandom is well documented. \u00a0Rebekah Shultz Colby, for instance, highlights that same kind of division in her first-year composition class taught through (and as) World of Warcraft<\/i>. Reflecting on the success of her class which used the MMORPG as its platform, Colby observes that her class “segregated” along gender lines. \u00a0Male students banded together, sharing hints with one another, and, for the most part, leaving the female students to fend for themselves (136). \u00a0Castlevania<\/i>‘s deliberate turn towards traditional masculinity typifies a similar shoring up of a particular kind of gaming community against perceived encroachment.<\/p>\n
Some background on the Castlevania<\/i> series as a whole would help establish the franchise’s record for attempting to portray strong female protagonists. \u00a0I base my information here on the\u00a0timeline laid out in the Castlevania Wiki<\/a>. \u00a0The first Castlevania<\/i> game, released for the NES in 1987, establishes the basic narrative structure: Simon Belmont embarks on a quest through Dracula’s castle to slay Dracula with a holy whip that has been passed down through generations of Belmonts before him.<\/p>\n Every 100 years, Dracula returns from the grave, and every 100 years a Belmont descendant answers the challenge to defeat him. \u00a0In Castlevania III: Dracula’s Curse <\/i>(released for the NES in 1989), Trevor Belmont enlists the aid of a mage named Sypha Belnades, beginning the tradition of the male Castlevania<\/i> protagonist backed by a secondary female character.<\/p>\n In later years, the franchise would experiment with female protagonists, sparingly. \u00a0Sonia Belmont, the heroine at the center of Castlevania Legends <\/i>(Game Boy, 1998) presents one such prominent example: the Konami developers claimed her as the matriarch of the Belmont clan, establishing a strong female presence in a privileged place in the series’ canon.<\/p>\n Years later, though, Konami rewrote its own canon by making Leon Belmont the clan’s founder instead in Lament of Innocence<\/i> (PlayStation II, 2003), replacing their previous matriarch with an angsty male lead.<\/p>\n Perhaps the franchise’s boldest move in creating a strong female protagonist\u2014one who needs not share her stage with a male counterpart\u2014would later come in 2008 with Order of Ecclesia<\/i>. \u00a0This installment was one of the last games in the Castlevania<\/i> franchise directed by Koji Igarashi. \u00a0Igarashi worked on numerous Castlevania <\/i>games, including the iconic Symphony of the Night.<\/i> Unlike its predecessors, Ecclesia<\/i> usurps the typical Sypha Belnades role by making this magic-wielding female support character the hero in her own right.<\/p>\n Ecclesia<\/i>‘s main character is Shanoa, a witch who has been robbed of her memories and emotions. \u00a0In many ways, Shanoa’s is a story of traumatic self-discovery, a painful process of realizing that Barlowe, her mentor in her order, has been using her all along to retrieve Dominus. \u00a0The Dominus glyph would seal Dracula in slumber forever, but destroy its user. \u00a0It turns out that Barlowe concealed that last potentially vital bit of information:<\/p>\n So Shanoa must turn against her old mentor and destroy the vampire by herself. \u00a0Igarashi’s team stages Ecclesia <\/i>in a Victorian setting, designing Shanoa with a daring backless dress, and equipping her with a system of glyphs that involve absorbing enemies’ powers directly into her body, where she can store and release them as attacks. \u00a0Igarashi claims he decided on Shanoa as the heroine because his fans had been “requesting a female lead.”<\/a><\/p>\n In 2014, Konami released Mirror of Fate<\/i>, directed by Jose Luis M\u00e1rquez after the art style introduced by Hideo Kojima in Castlevania: Lords of Shadow<\/i> in 2010. \u00a0David Cox, the Lords of Shadow<\/i> producer, billed this turn in the series as a “reboot” of the franchise, hoping to make the game more mainstream<\/a>. \u00a0Retelling the interrelated stories of Simon Belmont, Trevor Belmont (who later becomes Alucard), and Gabriel Belmont (who later becomes Dracula), Mirror of Fate<\/i> weaves a rather baroque tale of square-jawed, musclebound knights, each only superficially different from the next. \u00a0They each have the same attacks, the same build,1<\/a><\/sup> and the same paternal anxieties. \u00a0This \u201crebooted\u201d version of Simon sets out to destroy Dracula because he\u2019s convinced that Dracula killed his mother, but along the way he finds out that Alucard is really his father Trevor, who left when he was just a boy to destroy Dracula himself, but never returned. \u00a0Trevor himself was Gabriel Belmont\u2019s son back before Gabriel became Dracula, and Dracula, right after killing Trevor, realizes this a moment too late and preserves Trevor\u2019s life by vampirizing him, etc., etc., etc.<\/p>\n We\u2019ve met these fatherless men before in countless stories; Shanoa, even without her emotions or memories, has a more compelling story than any of the new Belmonts. \u00a0The only female characters in Mirror of Fate<\/i> are an unnamed succubus, the vampire Carmilla, Gabriel\u2019s wife, and Trevor’s wife. \u00a0The succubus and the vampire appear only as eroticized monsters; the two wives appear only as accessories for their husbands. \u00a0Gabriel\u2019s wife, also unnamed, bids Gabriel farewell in the game\u2019s prologue:<\/p>\n While Shanoa’s mile-long legs and daring d\u00e9colletage suggest that female power can only come with sexuality\u2014a problematic trope in its own right\u2014the series’ attempts to explore female characters shows the tantalizing possibilities it could have attempted if its art direction had chosen a different audience. \u00a0However, rewriting its own canon, Castlevania <\/i>opted for a particular kind of male gamer over all others. \u00a0The alluring witch has been replaced with more whip-toting jocks who eclipse all female presence.<\/p>\n With its long history and polarized gender iconography, the Castlevania <\/i>series can present teachers with a compelling case study to demonstrate the systemic nature of GamerGate in the classroom. \u00a0By showing how these politics play out not only among fandoms but also among designers, the franchise dramatizes many of the anxieties GamerGate claims to react against, and the ways these anxieties appear when games tacitly cater to them. \u00a0In this way, we as teachers can use the Castlevania <\/i>series to consider, as Heather Lang and Paula Miller point out in their CFP for our Blog Carnival, how “instructors [can]capitalize on games as a means for teaching for social justice<\/a>“. \u00a0While contextualizing these games might require some additional work for anyone wishing to teach with them,2<\/a><\/sup> both illustrate the ways in which games emerge not only as products of politics, but as embodiments of them.<\/p>\n Works Cited<\/p>\n Colby, Rebekah Shultz. \u00a0\u201cGender and Gaming in a First-Year Writing Class.\u201d \u00a0Rhetoric\/Composition\/Play through Video Games: Reshaping Theory and Practice of Writing<\/i>. \u00a0Ed. By Richard Colby, Matthew S. S. Johnson, and Rebekah Shultz Colby. \u00a0Palgrave Macmillan: 2013. \u00a0Print. My love affair with Castlevania has been long in the making. \u00a0I like to tell people that Castlevania: Symphony of the Night made me an 18th century scholar, since it takes place in 1797 and\u00a0features prickly harpsichord music composed by the marvelous\u00a0Michiru Yamane. \u00a0Symphony of the Night plays\u00a0up a perfect contrast of creepy and polite<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":91,"featured_media":11243,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_active":false,"_monsterinsights_sitenote_note":"","_monsterinsights_sitenote_category":0,"footnotes":""},"categories":[301],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[1255],"class_list":{"0":"post-11218","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-blog-carnival-6"},"authors":[{"term_id":1255,"user_id":91,"is_guest":0,"slug":"tbullington","display_name":"Tom Bullington","avatar_url":"https:\/\/secure.gravatar.com\/avatar\/24a8c1c18b00cc33eae7d92c4204e50b?s=96&d=identicon&r=g","user_url":"https:\/\/tbullington.wordpress.com\/","last_name":"Bullington","first_name":"Tom","job_title":"","description":"Thomas Bullington is a doctoral candidate with the Department of English at the University of Mississippi. His research interests include 18th century British literature, ecocriticism, and video games as literary texts and pedagogical tools. You can follow his blog \"Bowties and Pedagogy\" at https:\/\/tbullington.wordpress.com\/"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11218","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/91"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=11218"}],"version-history":[{"count":12,"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11218\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":11252,"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/11218\/revisions\/11252"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11243"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=11218"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=11218"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=11218"},{"taxonomy":"author","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/ppma_author?post=11218"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}![\"Cover](\"http:\/\/www.digitalrhetoriccollaborative.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2015\/05\/Castlevania-image41.jpg\")
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<\/a>
\n1. TVTropes.org applies the Walking Shirtless Scene to Gabriel, who wears only \u201chis Badass Longcoat and trousers, exposing his glorious man-abs<\/a>\u201d, as well as Simon Belmont\u2019s rather pectoral barbarian getup<\/a>..
\n\u21a9<\/a><\/sup>
\n2. While the Castlevania Wiki features a thorough timeline of all the games, the video Castlevania Retrospective on GameTrailers.com recounts the same narrative<\/a>, and might be a more student-friendly way to present the game’s multi-tiered backstory while focusing on the game’s recurrent tropes. Since both Ecclesia and Mirror of Fate are Nintendo DS games, it wouldn’t be feasible to ask students to purchase both the games and handheld consoles themselves. A less expensive alternative would be to locate one of the numerous playthroughs of both games, many of which can be found on YouTube.\u21a9<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"